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Iron-carbon substrates have attracted extensive attention in water treatment due to their excellent processing ability. The traditional iron-carbon substrate suffers from poor removal effects, separation of the cathode and anode, hardening, secondary pollution, etc. In this study, a new type of iron-carbon-loaded substrate (NICLS) was developed to solve the problems of traditional micro-electrolytic substrates. Through experimental research, a preparation method for the NICLS with Fe and C as the core, zeolite as the skeleton, and water-based polyurethane as the binder was proposed. The performance of the NICLS in phosphorus-containing wastewater was analyzed. The results are as follows: The optimal synthesis conditions of the NICLS are 1 g hydroxycellulose, wood activated carbon as the cathode, an activated carbon particle size of 200-60 mesh, and an Fe/C ratio of 1:1. Acidic conditions can promote the degradation of phosphorus by the NICLS. Through the characterization of the NICLS (scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), etc.), it is concluded that the mechanism of the NICLS phosphorus removal is a chemical reaction produced by micro-electrolysis. Using the NICLS to treat phosphorus-containing wastewater has the advantages of high efficiency and durability. Therefore, it can be considered that the NICLS is a promising material to remove phosphorus.
With the increases in population, industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, water pollution is becoming increasingly serious [1]. A large amount of phosphorus-rich domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, and farmland runoff are discharged into lakes, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, causing eutrophication of water bodies [2,3,4]. Eutrophication of water bodies poses a huge threat to human health [5]. Therefore, it is very important to remove phosphorus from water.
The commonly used phosphorus removal methods mainly include chemical and biological methods [6]. The chemical precipitation method is widely used in engineering, but this method has a high cost and a large amount of precipitated sludge. Coagulant addition can easily cause equipment corrosion, blockages, and water pollution [7,8]. Biological dephosphorization methods have lower operating costs, but the effectiveness of dephosphorization generally does not exceed 30% [9]. Biological dephosphorization has low stability and strict operation requirements. The effectiveness of dephosphorization is greatly affected by wastewater temperature and pH [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to research and develop new efficient and feasible phosphorus removal technologies. As an alternative to conventional and chemical methods in ecological engineering, the employment of constructed wetlands (CW) to treat phosphorous wastewater is becoming increasingly popular [10]. The main mechanisms for removing phosphorus from water in constructed wetlands include substrate removal, plant removal, and microbial assimilation. A large number of studies have shown that the substrate in constructed wetlands is the main determinant of phosphorus removal [11,12]. The substrate in the constructed wetland provides growth media for plants and microorganisms, and at the same time, can directly remove phosphorus through ion exchange, specific or nonspecific adsorption, complexation, and precipitation. The most important thing is that the constructed wetland substrate contains abundant metal elements, such as iron, aluminum, and calcium. The ions of these metal elements can combine with the phosphate ions in the water to form a precipitate to achieve the purpose of removing phosphorus. Therefore, choosing the appropriate substrate is the key to improving the phosphorus removal capacity of constructed wetlands.
In recent years, iron-carbon (Fe-C) micro-electrolysis technology has been used in many applications for the treatment of phosphorus-containing wastewater [13]. This method is also called the internal electrolysis method and iron-carbon method [14]. Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis technology uses wastewater as the electrolyte, iron in the micro-electrolytic substrate as the anode, and activated carbon as the cathode to form a &#;primary cell.&#; The discharge is used to form an electric current to electrolytically oxidize and reduce the wastewater discharge. The principle is based on using the combined effects of electrochemistry, oxidation-reduction, and flocculation to achieve the purpose of removing organic pollutants [15]. Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis has the advantages of a wide application range, low cost of processing, short processing time, convenient operation and maintenance, low power consumption, etc. [16,17].
The preparation technology of iron-carbon (Fe-C) substrates has also evolved greatly. In previous studies, iron-carbon micro-electrolytic substrates were mainly synthesized by physically mixing or sintering iron and carbon as raw materials [18]. In , Zhou et al. used active iron-carbon micro-electrolysis systems to remove organic phosphates from discharged circulating cooling waters [19]; Shi et al. prepared an iron oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent (activated carbon loaded with iron oxide) that can effectively treat phosphate-contaminated water [20]; Chen et al. synthesized an iron-carbon (Fe-C) micro-electrolysis material substrate through a carbothermal reduction process using flotation waste copper slag as a carbon source and anthracite as a carbon source [21]. Although these substrates have a good removal effect, they have the following problems: (1) The iron scrap landfill treatment time is long, and packing compaction is prone to occur [22]; (2) iron-carbon stacks act as iron-carbon primary cells to obtain a good phosphorus removal effect, but with increasing processing time, cathode and anode separation and blocking problems will occur [23]; and (3) through firing and the formation of a regular structure, a substrate can be obtained with strengthened contact between the cathode and anode to avoid separation problems, but the energy consumption is high, and air pollution is caused during firing [24]. To solve the problems related to the application of traditional iron-carbon micro-electrolysis, improvements must be made. There are two ways to solve the problems of traditional iron-carbon substrates: (1) Combine new technologies, such as oxidation, on the basis of traditional iron-carbon substrates; (2) develop new iron-carbon substrates. However, combining micro-electrolysis with other technologies and developing new reactors will increase the costs of system operation and maintenance to a certain extent and complicate the operation. In this paper, a new type of iron-carbon substrate is prepared, which not only solves the problems of iron powder and carbon powder loss, and cathode and anode separation, but also solves the serious problem of substrate compaction, saves energy, and avoids air pollution.
In this study, a new type of iron-carbon-loaded substrate (NICLS) was prepared for the first time. Using water-based polyurethane as the binder, hydroxyethyl cellulose as the thickener, iron and carbon as the coating, and zeolite as the aggregate, single-factor experiments were used to optimize the NICLS to determine the optimal ratio of the substrate raw materials. A static test was used to study the effects of different factors (pH, initial concentration, reaction time, and temperature) on phosphorus removal by the NICLS. A specific surface area analyzer (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to determine the specific surface area of the NICLS, analyze its composition, examine its surface structure, analyze the type and content of elements in the substrate, and explore its mechanism of phosphorus removal, laying the foundation for the practical application of this substrate. The innovation of this research lies in the fact that the NICLS was first made by loading iron carbon on zeolite, which not only achieves zeolite recycling but also improves the removal of phosphorus, promotes the development of phosphorus removal substrate materials, improves water quality, and has good environmental and social benefits.
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